Utility of the carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer
Keywords:
Colorectal cancer, carcinoembryonic antigen, tumor markers, diagnosis, prognosis.Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer worldwide, therefore, accurate and early diagnosis is fundamental. Among the diagnostic tools for CRC, tumor markers (TM) such as the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) stand out. This is a glycoprotein highly expressed in tumor cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas, and it is related to carcinogenic and metastatic processes. Although CAE has been demonstrated to be highly specific for CRC, its low sensitivity reported in numerous studies render this TM a test with low diagnostic level, deterring its application in clinical practice. Nonetheless, CAE exhibits a great prognostic value, as its expression has been significantly linked to decreased disease-free survival, total survival, tumor recurrence, and metastatic CRC. Despite this, the efficacy and sensitivity of CAE as a biomarker for CRC has been contested. Thus, it is necessary to determine new efficacious biomarkers to establish the early diagnosis of CRC and reduce mortality rates in these patients. The aim of this article is to describe how CAE expression occurs in patients with CRC, and discuss its efficacy as a diagnostic and prognostic method for this disease.
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