The role of glycosylated hemoglobin in the development of Alzheimer’s disease in elderly patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 2 in Baquba city
Abstract
Background: the link between Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes continues to grow stronger. Many studies have shown an association between Diabetes mellitus and cognitive function disorders. glycosylated hemoglobin has been proposed as biomarker has a great potential to predict dementia and cognitive decline in uncontrolled Diabetes. Research suggests that poorly controlled Diabetes can impact the Cognitive functionality of the patients in a negative way. Further, based on the literature the Alzheimer’s type Dementia is found to be linked with the uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus This study aims to assess the role of glycosylated hemoglobin in the development of Alzheimer’s disease in elderly patients with uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Methods: Twenty-six type 2 diabetic patients and twenty-six control healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Glycosylated hemoglobin was measured to all of them, twice during the study period and the mini-mental status examination was determined at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: case-control study for 52 patients with dementia, 26 patients with Diabetes mellitus and 26 normal patients, mean age of 68 ± 2 years old, with diabetic duration 3 ±1 years. The first examination of diabetic patients shows 85% of them with normal symptoms of dementia, while 11% moderate and 4% mild symptoms. After 2nd examination after average 2-3 years, show 46% normal, 31% mild, 15% moderate and 8% severe symptoms. There was a significant difference between HbA1c first and HbA1c second evaluation between diabetic and normal patients’ group. In the first and second evaluation HbA1c was higher in the diabetic group when compared with normal group. Conclusion: During both periods of evaluation, there was a significant difference between HbA1c in diabetic and normal patients’ group with Alzheimer’s disease in elderly patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 2.
Downloads
References
Gregg EW, Yaffe K, Cauley JA, Rolka DB, Blackwell TL, Narayan KMV, et al. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160, 174–180.
Kawamura T, Umemura T, Hotta N. Cognitive impairment in diabetic patients: Can diabetic control prevent cognitive decline? Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2012. 3, 413–423.
Messier C. Impact of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes on cognitive aging. In: Neurobiology of Aging. 2005. 26, 26–30.
Mythri G, Babu MG, Manjunath ML. Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on short term and working memory. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2017;7(10):1095–8.
Grodstein F, Chen J, Wilson RS, Manson JE. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24, 1060–1065.
Kanaya AM, Barrett-Connor E, Gildengorin G, Yaffe K. Change in cognitive function by glucose tolerance status in older adults: A 4-year prospective study of the Rancho Bernardo Study cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164, 1327–1333.
Fontbonne A, Berr C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavorably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: Results of the epidemiology of vascular aging study. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24, 366–370.
Exalto LG, Whitmer RA, Kappele LJ, Biessels GJ. An update on type 2 diabetes, vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol. 2012; 47, 858–864.
Steen E, Terry BM, Rivera EJ, Cannon JL, Neely TR, Tavares R, et al. Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease - Is this type 3 diabetes? J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2005; 7, 63–80.
Ramirez-Bermudez J. Alzheimer’s Disease: Critical Notes on the History of a Medical Concept. Archives of Medical Research. 2012. 43, 595–599.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention UD of H and HS. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017. Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States Background. Div Diabetes Transl. 2017; 1–20.
Cukierman-Yaffe T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Lovato L, Miller ME, et al. Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32, 221–226.
Houthoofd SAMK, Morrens M, Sabbe BGC. Cognitive and psychomotor effects of risperidone in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Clin Ther. 2008; 30, 1565–1589.
Dominguez LJ, Paolisso G, Barbagallo M. Glucose control in the older patient: From intensive, to effective and safe. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2010. 22, 274–280.
Awad N, Gagnon M, Messier C. The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2004. 26, 1044–1080.
Allen K V., Frier BM, Strachan MWJ. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004; 490, 169–175.
Matough FA, Budin SB, Hamid ZA, Alwahaibi N, Mohamed J. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2012. 12, 556–569.
Doiron M, Langlois M, Dupré N, Simard M. The influence of vascular risk factors on cognitive function in early Parkinson’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018; 33, 288–297.
Yaffe K, Falvey C, Hamilton N, Schwartz A V., Simonsick EM, Satterfield S, et al. Diabetes, glucose control, and 9-year cognitive decline among older adults without dementia. Arch Neurol. 2012; 69, 1170–1175.
Umegaki H, Kawamura T, Umemura T, Kawano N. Factors associated with cognitive decline in older adults with type2 diabetes mellitus during a 6-year observation. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015; 15, 302–310.
Rawlings AM, Sharrett AR, Schneider ALC, Coresh J, Albert M, Couper D, et al. Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 161, 785–793.
Tuligenga RH, Dugravot A, Tabák AG, Elbaz A, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, et al. Midlife type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for cognitive decline in early old age: A post-hoc analysis of the Whitehall II cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2, 228–235.
Mayeda ER, Whitmer RA, Yaffe K. Diabetes and cognition. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2015. 31, 101–115.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 AVFT – Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
